An Alarming Eastward Front of Cassava Mosaic Disease in Development in West Africa
Impact factor: 3.8
Mariam Combala1,2, Justin S. Pita1,2, Michel Gbonamou3, Alusaine Edward Samura4, William J.-L. Amoakon2, Bekanvié S. M. Kouakou1,2, Olabode Onile-ere2, Seydou Sawadogo2, Guy R. Eboulem2, Daniel H. Otron1,2, John Steven S. Seka1,2, Angela Eni2, Cyrielle Ndougonna2 and Fidèle Tiendrébéogo2*
1 UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan 22 BP 582, Côte d’Ivoire
2 The Central and West African Epidemiology (WAVE) for Food Security Program, Pôle Scientifique et D’innovation, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, Côte d’Ivoire
3 Institut de Recherche Agronomique de Guinée, Conakry BP 1523, Guinea
4 Department of Crop Protection, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Njala University, Njala Campus, Njala 1313, Sierra Leone
* Correspondence: fidele.tiendrebeogo@wave-center.org
ABSTRACT
Begomoviruses are a major threat to cassava production in Africa. Indeed, during the 1990s, the emergence of a recombinant begomovirus (East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda, EACMV-Ug) resulted in crop devastation and severe famine in Uganda. In 2023, during a pre-survey of cassava farms at Forécariah, South-West Guinea, 22 samples showing peculiar cassava mosaic disease (CMD) symptoms were collected, and subsequent laboratory analysis confirmed the presence of EACMV-Ug in the samples. Deep analysis of DNA-A and DNA-B of the EACMV-Ug isolates from Guinea indicated that they are similar to those associated with the severe CMD epidemic in Uganda in the 1990s. Therefore, a country-wide survey was conducted throughout Guinea in April 2024 to evaluate the extent of the spread of EACMV-Ug in the country and to collect critical CMD epidemiological data. Findings showed a high whitefly population in Lower Guinea averaging 17 per plant; however, the data suggest a spread of EACMV-Ug via infected cuttings. High CMD incidence was found in Lower Guinea and Forest Guinea, whereas the highest CMD severity was observed in Forest Guinea (2.70 ± 0.06) and the lowest CMD severity was found in Middle Guinea (2.20 ± 0.05). Several cases of double and triple infections involving African cassava mosaic virus, East African cassava mosaic virus, East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus, and EACMV-Ug were observed. EACMV-Ug was detected throughout Guinea, as well as from samples collected in 2022 in Kambia (Sierra Leone). The 63 accessions cultivated in Guinea that were assessed in this study were found susceptible to at least one of the viruses cited above. This study alerts us to an alarming situation in development in West Africa and provides scientific evidence to guide the rapid response needed to contain and stop the progression of EACMV-Ug in West Africa.
